Speed of Scanners and Sensors from Star Trek

Are we to believe that the scanners and sensors used on Star Trek are:

1. Instantaneous


2. Faster than instantaneous
   
   
   
   • Travel into the future
   
   
   • Travel into the past
   
   
   
   


3. FTL but slightly less than instantaneous

How does Star Trek Canon address the issue of Violating Causality?